ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

  Network topology refers to the physical or logical layout of a computer network. There are several types of network topologies, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Here are some common network topology types: Bus Topology: In a bus topology, all devices are connected to a single communication line (bus). Data travels along the bus, and each device receives the data intended for it. However, this topology can be susceptible to a single point of failure. Star Topology: In a star topology, all devices are connected to a central hub or switch. The central hub acts as a relay, allowing devices to communicate with each other through it. It provides better fault tolerance since the failure of a single connection typically doesn't disrupt the entire network. Ring Topology: In a ring topology, each device is connected to exactly two other devices, forming a circular loop. Data travels in one direction along the ring until it reaches its intended destination. The data transmiss...

  Hybrid electric power Hybrid electric power: when combining renewables makes them stronger Renewable energy Onshore wind Photovoltaic energy Energy efficiency Reducing emissions and moving towards decarbonising energy are two fundamental objectives for safeguarding the planet. To achieve this, combining the most competitive renewable energies, as wind, photovoltaic and hydraulic energy, in hybrid installations — that can be complemented by storage systems — is proving to be an effective tool for delivering clean and efficient energy. Types of hybrid electrical power Leaving aside hybrid installations with diesel generators, the most common types of hybrid electrical power combinations are:   Photovoltaic + Wind.   Photovoltaic + Hydraulic.   Hydraulic + Wind.   Solar Thermal + Biomass. Also, a hybrid generation plant can be created from scratch or, more commonly, an existing plant can be hybridised, adding a new module from another source to the existing gener...