ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

  Network topology refers to the physical or logical layout of a computer network. There are several types of network topologies, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Here are some common network topology types: Bus Topology: In a bus topology, all devices are connected to a single communication line (bus). Data travels along the bus, and each device receives the data intended for it. However, this topology can be susceptible to a single point of failure. Star Topology: In a star topology, all devices are connected to a central hub or switch. The central hub acts as a relay, allowing devices to communicate with each other through it. It provides better fault tolerance since the failure of a single connection typically doesn't disrupt the entire network. Ring Topology: In a ring topology, each device is connected to exactly two other devices, forming a circular loop. Data travels in one direction along the ring until it reaches its intended destination. The data transmiss...

  Hybrid electric power Hybrid electric power: when combining renewables makes them stronger Renewable energy Onshore wind Photovoltaic energy Energy efficiency Reducing emissions and moving towards decarbonising energy are two fundamental objectives for safeguarding the planet. To achieve this, combining the most competitive renewable energies, as wind, photovoltaic and hydraulic energy, in hybrid installations — that can be complemented by storage systems — is proving to be an effective tool for delivering clean and efficient energy. Types of hybrid electrical power Leaving aside hybrid installations with diesel generators, the most common types of hybrid electrical power combinations are:   Photovoltaic + Wind.   Photovoltaic + Hydraulic.   Hydraulic + Wind.   Solar Thermal + Biomass. Also, a hybrid generation plant can be created from scratch or, more commonly, an existing plant can be hybridised, adding a new module from another source to the existing gener...

    PLC Types PLCs are used in almost every industry right from manufacturing, food processing, automotive, oil & gas, and many other industries. No wonder the estimated growth for this market stands at $50 billion by 2026. PLCs have evolved over time, with many different types of controllers now available on the market. Each type has its strengths and weaknesses which can make it more suitable for certain applications than others; it is important to understand the differences between them before deciding which one will be most appropriate for your particular application. Let’s have a look at the types of PLCs that are available. A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is an industrial computer-based device used for controlling processes or machines in the manufacturing and production industry. PLCs are commonly used to automate processes that would otherwise be completed manually, such as machine movement, assembly line operation, quality checking, and process monitoring. ...

Programmable automation is a form of automation for producing products in batches. The products are made in batch quantities ranging from several dozen to several thousand units at a time. For each new batch, the production equipment must be reprogrammed and changed over to accommodate.  ABOUT PROGRAMMABLE AUTOMATION SYSTEMS Programmable automation systems (PAS) allow for machine configurations and operation sequences that can change based on signals sent from electronic controls. With a programmable automation system, products can be produced in batches through the reprogramming of machine operations and sequences. The products created in this process typically are batch quantities, and these batches can be as low as just a few dozen products and as high as thousands of units produced at a time. Whenever a new product batch is required, the programmable automation equipment can be changed and reprogrammed to handle the new and different product types. The automated production line...

  Conveyor Control System Using plc A  conveyor control system  using a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is a common application in industrial automation. PLCs are used to automate various processes, and controlling conveyor systems is one of their many applications. Here are the key components and steps involved in setting up a conveyor control system using a PLC: Components : Conveyor System : This includes the conveyor belts, motors, sensors, and any other hardware required for material handling. PLC : A PLC is the central control unit responsible for managing the conveyor system. PLCs come in various sizes and capabilities, so choose one that suits your specific application. Sensors : Proximity Sensors : These sensors are often used to detect the presence or absence of objects on the conveyor belt. They can trigger actions when objects reach specific positions. Actuators : Motor Control : The PLC controls the conveyor motors to start, stop, and change the speed and...

 Automation describes a wide range of technologies that reduce human intervention in processes, mainly by predetermining decision criteria, subprocess relationships, and related actions, as well as embodying those predeterminations in machines. Automation has been achieved by various means including mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, electronic devices, and computers, usually in combination. Complicated systems, such as modern factories, airplanes, and ships typically use combinations of all of these techniques. The benefit of automation includes labor savings, reducing waste, savings in electricity costs, savings in material costs, and improvements to quality, accuracy, and precision.  Minimum human intervention is required to control many large facilities, such as this electrical generating station. Automation includes the use of various equipment and control systems such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers,[3] and heat-treating ovens, switching on telep...

  .  The primary purpose behind these components is  to store energy within their magnetic fields . When a direct current flows through the wire coil, it generates a magnetic field. This field opposes any changes occurring in the current flow, effectively storing energy within the inductor. An inductor has a winding direction (polarity), and the marking is placed so that the polarity can be confirmed from its external appearance. Depending on usage conditions, the polarity of the inductor can affect the inductor's characteristics.

 Fault Finding in SMD Resistor To check SMD Resistor, first keep the multimeter in Buzzer mode. If it is good ,  then the multimeter will give a Beep or Buzz sound. If there is no sound, then keep the multimeter in ohms mode & check if the resistor is showing any high value above 2K. If it showing value, then the resistor is good, or else it is open which needs to be replaced. Fault Finding in SMD Diode.  SMD Diode To check SMD Diode, first keep the multimeter in Buzzer mode. Connect positive of the multimeter probe to Anode (+ve) & negative of the multimeter probe to cathode (-ve) which is said to be forward bias. In this condition, the  multimeter should show a value between 130 to 600 ohms. Then place the multimeter probe in the reverse direction (reverse bias)., i.e., positive probe to cathode & negative probe to anode. In this condition, the multimeter should not give any value. If there is sound or both side value, then it needs to be replaced with ...

SMD stands for Surface Mount Device. An SMD is any electronic component that is made to use with Surface Mount Technology (SMT). SMT was developed to meet the ongoing demand for printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturers to use smaller components that are faster, more efficient, and cheaper. SMDs are smaller than through-hole resistors and instead of having wire leads that go through PCB, they have terminations that are soldered to pads on the surface of the board. This eliminates the need for holes in the board and allows both sides of the board to be used more fully. SMDs are made by placing end connection electrode bases onto an alumina or ceramic substrate. The resistor is then fired to ensure the electrodes are held in place. Next, a film of resistive material is printed or deposited and the resistor is fired again. The resistor is then covered with successive layers of a protective coat that dry between applications. These layers prevent mechanical damage and ingress of moisture a...